World Congress and Expo on Applied Microbiology August 18-20, 2015 Frankfurt, Germany

Dr. Rehab Mohammed Atta ElDesoukey graduated from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt, in 1997, earned a Master\'s in microbiology and immunology in 2004 and Doctorate completed in 2009 working as a researcher of Microbiology and Immunology at the National Research Center in Egypt, where he includes a selection of the greatest scientists and inventors in Egypt is also working as an assistant professor at Shaqraa university , Saudi Arabia .she is active ,has personal love of reading and explore everything new has conducted many researches in the field of microbiology that are looking for antimicrobials in everything new and strange .rn Abstract : One of the common problems in the medical world, spreading of bacterial resistance against antibiotics, Salvadora persica has biological active compounds and used in traditional medicine, it seems that this plant contain considerable antimicrobial capacity. So the aim of this study is to investigate the antimicrobial activity of Salvadora persica aqueous extracts on some medically important animal pathogens and to determine some phytochemical compounds. Aqueous extract of Salvadora persica were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity against some medically important pathogens isolated from animals and poultry farms. Also, phytochemical compound of aqueous extract was determined. So it could be concluded that the Salvadora persica extract Salvadora persica extracts contain tannins and saponin compounds and possess remarkable antimicrobial activity against microbial pathogens and to be introduced as an alternative to chemical antimicrobial drugs, is require!rn d wider investigation.rn

Background:
One of the common problems in the medicalrnworld, spreading of bacterial resistancernagainst antibiotics, Salvadora persica hasrnbiological active compounds and used inrntraditional medicine, it seems that this plantrncontain considerable antimicrobial capacity.

Objective:
the aim of this study is to investigate thernantimicrobial activity of Salvadora persicarnaqueous extracts on some medicallyrnimportant animal pathogens and torndetermine some phytochemical compounds.

The aqueous extract is the most effectivernagainst Ps. aerogenes and B. cereusrnfollowed by Enterococcus , K. pneumoniarnand S.epidermis cold aqueous extractrnshowed significant antibacterial activityrnagainst, .While the ether extract did notrnshow any significant antibacterial S.rntyphimurium ,S.pyogens , and E. coli. Alsornthe extract showed high antifungal effectrnagainst C. albicans .

Walaa Mousa completed her BSc in Pharmaceutical Sciences from Mansoura University Egypt in 2005. Walaa completed her MSc in Biochemistry in 2010. In 2011, Walaa moved to Canada to study her PhD in Raizada lab at University of Guelph. Her current research involves: the development of new bacterial biocontrol agents to help control fungal pathogens of plants and elucidate the underlying mechanisms of antifungal activity.

Finger millet is an ancient African cereal crop, domesticated 7000 years ago in Ethiopia, reaching India at 3000 BC. Unlike other cereals, finger millet is resistant to the toxigenic fungal pathogen Fusarium graminearum. As this fungus is also ancient to Africa, we hypothesized that the crop may host beneficial endophytes (plant-colonizing microbes) that co-evolved to combat Fusarium. Here we describe the first ever report of endophytes from finger millet. We describe a novel Enterobacter species (strain M6). In vitro experiments demonstrate that strain M6 can inhibit the growth of Fusarium. When M6 was allowed to colonize the genetically related cereal crops, corn and wheat, which are susceptible to Fusarium, they acquired resistance to this pathogenic fungus, as demonstrated by replicated greenhouse trials. Confocal microscopy using GFP-tagged M6 showed that M6 colonizes the internal tissues of corn, wheat and millet and thus confirms that M6 behaves as an endophyte. To help understand the anti-Fusarium mechanism of action, M6 was co-cultured with Fusarium; microscopy using vitality stains demonstrated that M6 causes cleavage of fungal hypha at septa in vitro. To discover the anti-Fusarium genes, Tn5 mutagenesis followed by whole genome sequencing were conducted. Screening of 4800 Tn5 insertion events led to the discovery of 10 candidate genes/operons from M6. Expression of the candidate genes was studied by real time PCR, which showed that most of the genes are inducible by Fusarium. The importance of the Tn5 knockouts was confirmed in replicated greenhouse trials. The candidate anti-Fusarium genes from M6 include operons that encode phenazine (a potent anti-fungal metabolite), butanediol (an elicitor of host plant defences), and a fusaric acid resistance protein (FARP). Fusaric acid is a metabolite produced by Fusarium pathogen to inhibit the biosynthesis of bacterial phenazine; FARP biosynthesized by M6 bacteria is an apparent efflux transporter for fungal fusaric acid. Since both Fusarium and finger millet appear to be ancient to Africa, the phenazine-butanediol-fusaric acid-FARP interaction network may represent a fascinating example of three-way co-evolution between an endophyte, a pathogen and a host. It is hoped that modern agriculture will benefit from this ancient selection pressure in Africa.

Derya Önal Darilmaz has completed her PhD from Gazi University. She is working as Associate Professor doctor in Aksaray University. Her areas of expertise are probiotics, food microbiology and microbial biotechnology. She has published more than 15 papers in reputed journals and serving as an Editorial Board Member and referee in different reputed journals.

Hypercholesterolemia has been reported to be the main cause of cardiovascular diseases and the leading cause of death. Therefore, decreasing serum cholesterol level is very important for preventing the cardiovascular diseases. It has been supposed that probiotics in human gastrointestinal tract have the ability to decrease serum cholesterol level by reducing the absorption of cholesterol from the intestinal tract. In the present study, the relationship between exopolysaccharide production and cholesterol removalrates of 12 strains of Lactobacillus rhamnosus isolated from home-made traditional home made Turkish cheeses wasstudied.The strains have been identified in species level by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Influence of different bile concentrations on cholesterol removal was investigated. It was confirmed that ACS1, BTM3, EDS4 and BTM4 strains which produce high amounts of exopolysaccharide (353, 280, 278 and 277 mg/l, respectively) were able to remove more cholesterol from the medium compared to those that produce low amounts of exopolysaccharide (MP4). The highest amount of cholesterol precipitation (81 %) was performed by ACS1 strain, producing a high amount of exopolysaccharide, in the presence of 0.3% (w/v) bile. The results indicated that: (i) there is a correlation between cholesterol removal andEPS production; and (ii) The Lactobacillus rhamnosus ACS1 had an excellent ability on hypocholesterolemia in in vitro conditions.

Peyvand Biglari has completed her BS from Azad University of Iran and now she is MSc student from Azad University of Iran in last term and she is invited to interview for PhD student. She is the researcher in Pasteur Institute of Iran. She has been working in different laboratories of Virology department of Pasteur Institute of Iran since 2000. She has published more than 25 papers in reputed journals and has been working in 20 research projects.

Background: Ticks are one of the main vectors which transmit different pathogens to human and animals. Ticks play important roles in disease transmission. They are vector of many diseases; including Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF), Anaplasmosis, Babesiosis, Ricketsiosis, Borreliosis and Ehrlisiosis. They can also be caused economic damage to livestock. Esfahan province, and Golpayegan County, in particular is one of the most important regions for bringing up livestock and dairy products in Iran. This survey was carried out for detecting the distribution of ticks, which infected the domestic ruminants in Golpayegan County, Esfahan Province, Center of Iran during summer and autumn 2014 and winter 2015.

Material & Methods: Ten villages were selected randomly and ticks were collected from different parts of the body of goats, cows and sheep. All collected ticks were transported to laboratory of medical entomology, school of public health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences for identification.

Results: In this study, total number of 237 ticks was collected. Approximately, 10.75% of the domestic animals were infected by ticks. All ticks were belonged to family Ixodidae and classified into 3 genera and 5 species. Totally, 74.26% of ticks were belonged to Hyalomma genus; while 22.79% of ticks were Haemaphysalis sulcata and 2.95% of them were Rhipicephaluss sanguineus. Interestingly, 18.18% of the samples were at nymph stage. The species of Hyalomma genus; including Hyalomma anatolicum (55.69%), Hyalomma sp (7.38%), Hyalomma asiaticum (15.35%), Hyalomma marginatum (3.4%). were the most prevalent species.

Conclusion: Golpayegan is an area that is important for production of livestock and dairy products. A lot of livestock products are exported to other parts of Iran from this region annually; therefore considering the rate of pollution and safety factors on livestock are important issues for economy of the region and health of livestock keepers. The results of this study will provide a clue for vectors of tick-borne diseases in the region for local authorities for implementation of disease control.

Background and Objectives: Salmonella is an important food-borne pathogen responsible for disease in humans and animals. The aim of this study was to investigate the genetic relationship among third generation cephalosporin-resistant Salmonella enterica strains by Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus (ERIC)-PCR.

Methods: The study included all Salmonella isolates obtained from clinical cases in a pediatric hospital in Tehran, Iran during 2006 to 2009. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. The genetic relationship between third generation cephalosporins-resistant Salmonella enterica strains was determined using ERIC-PCR.

Results: Of 136 Salmonella enterica isolates recovered from pediatric patients, six isolates including four Salmonella enterica serotype Infantis and two Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis showed an extended-spectrum cephalosporins resistant phenotype. ERIC-PCR differentiated Salmonella enterica serotypes Infantis and Enteritidis into 2 distinct clusters arbitrarily named as E1 and E2. Profile E1 was found in two Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis isolates, and profile E2 was found in four Salmonella enterica serotype Infantis isolates.

Conclusion: Extended-spectrum cephalosporins resistant Salmonella could be attributed to a few predominant serotypes including Enteritidis and Infantis in this study. Genetic analysis using ERIC-PCR showed that closely related clones are responsible for the occurrence of extended-spectrum cephalosporins resistant Salmonella infection in Tehran.

Ali Najafi is a Bioinformatist. He completed masters in Molecular Biology and did PhD in Bioinformatics and systems biology at the age of 34 years from Tehran University, Tehran, Iran. At present, he is a researcher in Molecular Biology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. His research areas are: microarray data analysis, bioinformatics software development, network and pathway reconstruction, and computational complex disease modeling. To date, he has published more than 30 scientific papers.

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have developed progressively in microbial genomic research and clinical applications. Also, genetic fingerprinting has been used in molecular epidemiologic studies. Therefore, it is essential that a connection or a link is established between them for discovering DNA marker in whole genome for using in molecular epidemiology and bacterial diagnosis. Bioinformatics and comparative genome analysis tools lead to further and deeper understanding of genomic variation in the bacterial species. Bacterial comparative genome analyses can be used for evolutionary process, structure and function annotations, and importantly in unique DNA marker extraction. These unique probes are suitable for high-throughput diagnostic method such as microarray. Finally, setting up a procedure for comparative analysis will be useful for a wide range of microbial researches and clinical applications.

Ahmad Alali is a pharmacist. He has completed his Master at the age of 28 years from Damascus University in the field of Microbiology, Hematology and Immunology. He has published an article in the Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research.

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the activity of doxorubicin (Known antitumor agent, topoisomerase ІІ poison) against cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by leishmania tropica in vitro and in vivo, in view of the developmental resistance against pentavalent antimonials.

Methods: ELIZA technique and in vitro model of leishmania infection were used to evaluate the potency of doxorubicin against promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes, respectively. In addition, in vivo model of leishmania infection was used to evaluate the efficacy of doxorubicin in curing the cutaneous lesions in mice, and ELIZA technique to determined INF-γ level in mice serum.

Results: The potency of doxorubicin was identified with IC50 value of (4.24 ± 0.2 µM) against Leishmania tropica promastigotes after in vitro incubation at 26˚C for 48 hours. Doxorubicin was identified as active against Leishmania tropica intracellular amastigotes in peritoneal BALB/c mice macrophages with IC50 value of (3.34 ± 0.2 µM) after incubation at 37˚C with 5% CO2 for 48 hours. In addition, doxorubicin was strongly effective in eradicating cutaneous lesions in the left feet of BALB/c mice previously infected by Leishmania tropica promastigotes. After 24 hours and 4 weeks of single peritoneal dose, the difference in diameters between infected feet and healthy feet was reduced to (0.018 ± 0.008 mm), compared with untreated control mice (Pvalues: 2.6×10-5 and 9.8×10-8, respectively). Interferon-gamma was 287.7±23.4 pg/mL in treated serum mice after one week of single peritoneal dose (Pvalue= 9.2×10-7), compared with untreated control mice.

Conclusion: Our study demonstrates that doxorubicin may be a promising, effective management of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania tropica by single dose with no relapse. In addition, topoisomerase II may be an important target for antileishmanial drugs.

Mohammad Rabiee-Faradonbeh has completed his Msc at the age of 35 years from Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences. He is Lecture and Researcher at Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord Branch, Shahrekord, Iran. He has published 6 papers in reputed journals and has been serving as an editorial board member of repute. He is Working with academic members of the project team in order to deliver project outcomes. Responsible for writing up research papers and presenting research findings to senior managers and also at academic meetings.

Background: Tuberculosis has been announced as a global emergency by World Health Organization and the second infectious agent of mortality worldwide. The general policy in the development of new vaccines is to develop some vaccines with higher efficiency not only for infants but also for adults compared with the Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccine. Recently, cytochrome P450 cyp141 has been introduced as a new target for detecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis from clinical samples.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to clone this gene in order to pave the way for more evaluation.

Materials & Methods: M. tuberculosis H37Rv DNA was extracted by a standard phenol-chloroform protocol. After designing the specific primers, P450 cyp141 gene was replicated by PCR. The purified PCR products were then sub-cloned into the pTZ57R/T plasmid vector. After extraction, enzyme digestion, and recombinant pTZ57R/T-cyp141 plasmid vector sequencing, the aforementioned products were cloned into a pET-26b plasmid vector. Then, the recombinant pET26b-cyp141 plasmid molecules were transformed to Escherichia coli strain BL21 (DE3) using the transformation method. Next, the recombinant pET26b-cyp141 plasmids were purified and evaluated by the enzyme digestion analysis.

Results: The cloning of P450 cyp141 gene was confirmed by the enzyme digestion and sequencing of the recombinant pTZ57R/T-cyp141 and pET26b-cyp141 plasmid vectors.

Conclusions: The results of this study demonstrated that the P450 cyp141 gene was successfully cloned into a pET26b plasmid vector as an expression vector. In this paper, for the first time in world, this gene was cloned for more purposes, including the expression and purification of the recombinant cytochrome P450 cyp141 protein.

Maryam GhelichKhan is a student in microbiology at Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Shahid-Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran and she is working on her thesis on HPIV at Influenza Research Lab, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran. \r\n

Introduction: Human Parainfluenza virus (HPIV) is an enveloped RNA virus from Paramyxoviridae Family with single stranded genome. The viral envelope contains a virulence factor and contains F-protein and Hemagglutinin-Neuraminidase (HA). Molecular diagnosis methods are inexpensive and applicable for virus detection. Multiplex RT-PCR, one of these methods, is relatively inexpensive and fast. The aim of this study is to evaluate its reliability for HPIV detection.

Materials & Methods: The gene sequences of HPIV types 1 to 4 were obtained from NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information) and aligned. Forward and reverse primers for each type were designed based on the conserved sequences of HN gene. Specific forward and reverse primers of HPIV-1, HPIV-2, HPIV-3 and HPIV-4 amplify 451 to 599, 786 to 1122, 1006 to 1488 and 546 to 1103 regions of related HN genes, respectively. Four HPIV HN genes were synthesized and inserted into pBSK Vector (BIOMATIK, Denmark) and plasmids were extracted using Mini Extraction kit (BIONIR, South Korea) and linearized. The exact amount of extracted linear plasmids was determined with Spectrophotometer at OD 260 nm, and different concentrations were prepared utilizing serial dilution method, and were used as template in conventional RT-PCR using designed primers. Finally, the minimum detectable template concentration was determined for each pair of primers.

Results & Conclusions: Analysis of the copy number results (using www.web.uri.edu-USA) shows that this in-house RT-PCR has acceptable ability to detect 6.22×104, 2.75×104, 1.91×104 and 1.66×104 copy number of HPIV-1, 2, 3 and 4 genomes, respectively. Considering the results of our study, multiplex RT-PCR seems to be a reliable method and can be used to detect HPIVs genome in respiratory samples.

Rajshree Singh, pursuing Ph.D. from CV Raman University, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India on topic\r\nentitled “Isolation and identification of bacteria intended for heavy metals remediation from industrial\r\neffluents”. Working as assistant professor in microbiology department, Shri Agrasen Girls College,\r\nKorba, Chhattisgarh. She has also having teaching experience of almost 5 years. She has published one paper from her M.Phil degree. Also have one review article accepted to be published in book chapter.

River Hasdeo is one among the 21 rivers of Chhattisgarh is considered as life line of many districts like\r\nBilaspur, Korba, Champa-Janjgir. After declared as independent state, rapid industrialization took place\r\nand chhattisgarh, also modern agricultural practices and various human activities adds significant amount\r\nof heavy metal into the river water ecosystems prolonged exposure and accumulation at concentration\r\nmore than threshold value of such heavy metals can have deleterious health effects on human life and\r\naquatic biota. The present study was an attempt to estimate the concentration of various heavy metal\r\npollutants in 10 different location of Korba (Jogiya dera, Jhora Ghat, Donga Ghat, Navagaon, Ayodhya\r\nPuri, Dandhpara, Kalmi dugu, Pump House, Sarvmangla nagar and Urga). The metal concentration was\r\nrecorded was Cd(0.02 to 0.39mg/l),Cu (0.04 to 0.46 mg/l), Pb (0.01 to 0.05mg/l), Fe (0.55 to 1.5mg/l),\r\nZn (0.15mg/l to 0.5mg/l) and use of microbe present in the river water system as a tool for bioremediation\r\nof this pollutant from river water also the sequence analysis of the most effective microorganisms so that\r\nwith the help of genetic engineering we can obtain most effective heavy metal removing bacteria as a cost\r\neffective tools for safe removal of metal contaminant from various other water resources. The\r\nmicroorganisms that found to be most effective for heavy metal remediation were Pseudomonas sps. for\r\nheavy metals like Ca, Zn, Cd, Pb and Bacillus sps. for Cd, Fe and Cu.

Yuksekdag Z N has completed her PhD from Gazi University. She is working as a Professor Doctor in Gazi University. Her areas of expertise are probiotics, microbial biotechnology, and food microbiology. She has published more than 25 papers in reputed journals and is serving as an Editorial Board Member and Referee in different reputed journals, and has worked in 19 research projects.rn

Phytochemicals, a type of isoflavones, representing a major group of phytoestrogens are the beneficial composites to health. Soy isoflavone complements are used to treat several chronic diseases, cancer cells, cardiovascular diseases and osteoporosis. Biological activities of glycosides and aglycones that are in two groups of isoflavones are originating from their aglycones (genistein, daidzein), but not from their glycoside forms (genistin, daidzin). Isoflavone aglycones have been shown to be more quickly and efficiently absorbed into intestines than isoflavone glucosides. β-glucosidases can be used to convert isoflavone glucosides to aglycones. In the present study, human-being, nutritional and animal originated 39 Lactobacillus species were used. β-glucosidases enzyme activities of the cultures were identified by using p-nitrophenyl-β-D glikopiranozit (p-NPG) as a substrate. In these strains, β-glycosidase specific enzyme activity was determined that varied from 0.250-4.500 U/mg. For β-glycosidase enzyme belonging to L. rhamnosus MBA9 (4.500 U/mg), L. rhamnosus EA1 (2.670 U/mg), and L. casei SC1 (3.000 U/mg) strains showed high β-glycosidase specific enzyme activity. The strains that showed high β-glycosidase specific enzyme activity was determined for the ability to hydrolyze the isoflavone glucosides, genistin and daidzin, using High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). These strains hydrolyzed 42.6-56.0% of genistin and 59.8-74.0% of daidzin. These results prove that β-glucosidase is an important enzyme which is produced by Lactobacillus and can be used to transform isoflavone glucosides to beneficial for health aglycones.

Our environment is a rich source of microorganisms іncludіng bacteria and fungi that can produce sіgnіficant bioactive compounds (BaCs). These microbes have been shaping their environment and thus the earth\'s bіosphere for bіllіons of years through an enormous range of BaCs. These days, as a result of far-reachіng research, the study of mіcrobіal BaCs іs recognіzed as an essentіal component of natural products chemіstry and as well as consіderable envіronment frіendly compounds, whіch have varіous іndustrіal and agrіcultural applіcatіons. Іn Pakіstan the knowledge regardіng the іndіgenous mіcrobes capable of producіng BaCs is in very early stages. Our purpose of this study was to screen two microbes CMGN122 and CMGN370 isolated from Sindh, Pakistan for production of BaCs and their genes. Biological screening samples from microbial fermentation extracts were obtained after optimizing growth conditions and extraction procedures that capture BaCs produced. Column chromatography (CC) and TLC were used for isolation and compound identification and, structure elucidation was done by different techniques of NMR and Mass Spectrometry. CMGN122 identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa (GenBank Accession No. JN969597) was found to produce three different Phenazine compounds and pyrroloquinoline quinone (Pqq). CMGN370 identified as Candida sp. (GenBank Accession No. JN969598) showed production of two compounds Daidzein and N-(5-Acetylamino-pentyl)-acetamide. Genes for phenazines and PqqC were isolated and amplified.

Muhammad Irfan is doing PhD from Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad Pakistan. He also got a split scholarship from Tubitak and did his research from Karadeniz Technical University Turkey.

Efficient degradation of plant polysaccharides requires xylanolytic enzymes with a high catalytic capacity. In this study, Proline sequence was fused with a C-terminal of xylanase genefrom GthC5Xyl. To determine its function, both GthC5Xyl and GthC5XylProl were expressed in Escherichia coli Bl21 host. The C-terminal oligopeptide had significant effects and simultaneously broadens the Optimal Temperature and pH Ranges and improves the specific activity of GthC5Xyl. Compared with GthC5Xyl, GthC5XylProl exhibited improved specific activity, a higher temperature optimum (70°C versus 60°C), Higher pH optimum (8 versus 6), and broader ranges of temperature and pH optima (pH 6.0 to 9.0 and 60°C to 80°C versus pH 5 to 8 and 40°C to 60°C). The modified enzymes showed 85% of maximal activity after incubating in xylan substrate for 3 h at 80°C compared to only 45% activity for wild-type enzyme. Moreover this study reveals an engineering strategy to improve the catalytic performance of enzymes. Our study demonstrated that properly introduced proline residues on C-terminal surface of xylanase family might be very effective in improvement of enzyme thermostability.\r\n

Mahboobeh Ramezannia has completed her BS from Azad University of Iran and is now an MSc student from Shahid Beheshti University of Iran.rn

Introduction: The human ParainfluenzaViruses (PIVs) are enveloped non-segmented, negative, single-stranded RNA viruses which belong to Paramyxoviridae Family. They are an important cause of upper and lower respiratory tract infections causing pneumonia, croup, and bronchiolitis in infants, children, and immune-compromised individuals. Four types of HPIV are circulating worldwide. The availability of HPIV-specific detection assays is important because there are other respiratory pathogens cause similar illnesses. Objective of the present study was to develop a one-step multiplex quantitative RT-PCR to detect clinical specimens from 69 hospitalized patients with influenza-like illness in a single test.

Materials & Methods: Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from pediatric and adult patients with influenza-like illness. Nucleic acid extraction was performed using High Pure RNA Kit (Roche, Germany). The gene sequences of parainfluenza viruses were obtained from NCBI and alignment was carried out using AlleleID software to identify conserved sequences for designing primers and probes. The parainfluenza viruses-specific hydrolysis probes were labeled at the 5′ end with four different reporter dyes FAM (530 nm), TET (555 nm), ROX (610 nm) and Cy5 (660 nm), respectively. The assay was first optimized in a monoplex qRT-PCR for each type; subsequently, a one-tube multiplex real-time RT-PCR was performed to discriminate all known human parainfluenza viruses using a Rotor-Gene 6000 apparatus (Corbett Life Science).rn

Results & Conclusions: Of the 69 specimens, 35 (50.72%) were positive by multiplex qRT-PCR. HPIV2 (26.08%) was the most frequent detected virus followed by HPIV1 (15.94%), HPIV3 (2.89%), and HPIV4 (5.79%). This assay is mostly recognized as a sensitive and specific method for detection of respiratory RNA viruses whose result can be achieved within 3 hours, which raise its clinical relevance. Thus, use of this qRT –PCR assay would develop patient management and infection control.

Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase – KPC producing bacteria are defined as a group of Gram-negative bacilli that is highly resistant to drugs. They cause lethal infections and illnesses. The main aim of the current study is to explore and confirm the occurrence of carbapenemase producing Klebsiella pneumonia in the ICU different compartments of an Egyptian hospital in Cairo. The study will focus in particular on the molecular class A KPC and the molecular class B MBL specifically the imipenem resistant phenotype carbapenemase (IMP) and Verona integrin-encoded metallo-beta-lactamase (VIM) producers. Isolates were collected from several compartments of the Intensive Care Unit in a private hospital in Cairo, Egypt. The screening criteria of carbapenemase producing bacteria were followed by the investigator in order to record the antimicrobial resistance patterns of all isolates. Furthermore, the modified Hodge test (MHT) was used as the instrument for detecting the carbapenemase producing isolates. Phenotypic detection of KPCs and MBLs was confirmed by the detection of blaKPC, blaIMP and blaVIM. It was also combined with disc tests in MHT positive isolates. At the end of the study, the investigators determined the compartment/s responsible for the spreading of CRKP as well as the type of the isolates occurred and how to avoid spreading and how to control it. It is worth noting that this study is considered the first report on the emergence of IMP and VIM producing Klebsiella pneumonia in the ICU compartments in Egypt. We concluded that infection control department policies in each hospital should be reinforced to evade the blowout of these bacteria in our hospitals. Also, this study should be repeated in other hospitals (especially the public hospitals) to assess the level of the problem.